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Swine flu: symptoms, prevention and treatment

Swine flu: symptoms, prevention and treatment

1Rathore KS, 1Chauhan Priyanka, 1Sharma Surabhi, Savita 1Rathore, 1Vinod Kanwar, RK 2Nema, SS 3Sisodia

1B.N.Girls Faculty of Pharmacy, Udaipur-Raj.313002

2Rishiraj Faculty of Pharmacy, Indore, Mp

Pg 3BN College of Pharmacy, Udaipur

kamalsrathore@yahoo.com, mob: +919828325713

Influenza swine (swine flu) is a respiratory illness caused by viruses (influenza virus known as H1N1) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs and the result in secretions nose, dry cough-like, decreased appetite, and crying for no apparent reason. The swine flu produces much of the same symptoms in pigs, human influenza occurs in people. The swine flu can last from one to two weeks in pigs that survive. Swine influenza virus was first isolated from pigs in the U.S. in 1930 and has been recognized by Pork producers and veterinarians to cause infections in pigs worldwide.

In a series of cases, people have developed the infection of swine flu when they are closely related to pigs (eg, farmers, pork processors), and similarly, pig populations have sometimes been infected with human influenza infection. In most cases, infections among species (virus from pigs to humans, human influenza virus to pigs) have remained national and local areas have not caused infections worldwide either pigs or humans. Unfortunately, this cross-species influenza virus has had the potential change.

Researchers believe that the 2009 strain of swine flu, for the first time in Mexico, should be called the new influenza H1N1, since it is mostly for people infected and has two main surface antigens, H1 (Hemagglutinin of type 1) and N1 (neuraminidase type 1). Recent research shows the eight strands of RNA of H1N1 flu have resulted from a single strand of human influenza strains, two of avian (bird) strains and five strains of swine.

Influenza, commonly called "flu," is a disease caused by RNA viruses that infect the respiratory tract of many animals, birds and humans. In most people, the results of infection in the person receiving the fever, cough, headache and malaise general (fatigue, low energy), some people may also develop a sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Most people have symptoms one to two weeks and then recover uneventfully. However, most, compared to other respiratory viral infections, such as the common cold influenza (flu) infection may cause more severe illness with a mortality rate (mortality) of about 0.1% of people who are infected with the virus.

The history of swine influenza (H1N1) in humans

In 1976, there was an outbreak of swine flu at Fort Dix. The virus is not is the same as the 2009 outbreak, but was similar to the extent that it was a flu virus that had similarities with the swine flu virus. There was one death at Fort Dix. The government decided produce a vaccine against this virus, but vaccine was associated with neurological complications (Guillain-Barré syndrome) and was discontinued. Some people speculate that formalin, used to inactivate the virus, may have played a role in the development of this complication in 1976.

There is no evidence that anyone has received this vaccine would be protected against swine flu 2009. One reason it takes several months to develop a new vaccine is to test the vaccine for safety avoid complications seen in the vaccine in 1976. New vaccines against all types of influenza viruses are usually made by growing the virus particles in eggs. An effect serious side (allergic reaction such as swelling of the airway) to vaccines can occur in people who are allergic to eggs, these people should not get influenza vaccines. Individuals with active infections or diseases of the nervous system also is not recommended to receive flu shots.

Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus or "swine flu" virus, which first appeared in April 2009, has now become a global "pandemic." influenza H1N1 is a virus that causes illness in people and spreads from one person to another in the same way as the common cold. First detected in April 2009 in Mexico, the disease quickly spread across countries in the world and was declared the swine flu pandemic by the World Health Organization in June 2009. After perform several tests, it was determined that the influenza virus responsible for swine is similar to those found in pigs, which led the scientists to the name of the pig (pork) flu.

The disease caused by influenza viruses from pigs varies from mild to extreme in different cases. Although many of the patients have recovered even without medical treatment, the virus has also caused deaths and hospitalizations, which has become a matter of grave concern to the authorities. Anyone, regardless of age or sex can contract the disease, but the risk may be greater in children and older as in those with low levels of immunity, pregnant women and people suffering from heart disease, renal disease or asthma. A person shows symptoms of swine flu should consult a doctor immediately and get yourself tested.

Relationship between syndrome Guillain-Barre and swine flu vaccines

Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), a rare neurological disorder, was an identified risk to the swine flu vaccine used in the United States in 1976 – it is believed that an additional case of GBS occurred with 100,000 doses of vaccine. The reason the 1976 vaccine increased the risk of SIDS is unknown. Many studies have examined whether other flu vaccines used since 1976 carry a risk of this syndrome and there is no strong evidence of a causal link has been found. No cases of GBS have been found in clinical trials of H5N1 vaccines.

Most diseases caused by epidemic swine influenza were mild and the patients recovered, even with little or no medication required. Recently, however, the virus has caused much panic after a number of deaths were reported. The swine influenza virus is highly contagious and is spread by coughing and sneezing or when a person touches a contaminated surface and then touches nose or mouth. The swine flu symptoms are similar to those of seasonal influenza, high fever, runny nose, loss of appetite, cough, sore throat, etc.

Infectious Period

People infected with swine influenza A (H1N1) should be considered potentially infectious 7 days after illness onset. Those who remain ill for more than seven days after the onset of the disease should be considered potentially contagious until symptoms are gone. Children, especially younger ones, can be contagious for longer periods. The duration of infectivity may vary by swine influenza A (H1N1) strain of the virus. Non-hospitalized ill persons are confirmed or suspected case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus, stay at home (voluntary isolation) for at least the first seven days after the onset of the disease, except to seek medical attention.

The reason why the swine influenza (H1N1) is now infecting humans

swine influenza virus can mutate (change) so as to be easily transmitted between humans. Many researchers believe that two major series of events can lead to swine influenza (and Avian or bird flu) to become a major cause of influenza illness in humans.

First, influenza virus (types A, B, C) are virus RNA wrapped with a segmented genome, this means that the viral RNA genetic code is not a single strand of RNA, but exists as eight different RNA segments of influenza virus. A human (or bird) flu virus can infect a pig respiratory cells, both as a swine influenza virus, replicating some of the RNA strands of virus can enter human error contained within the swine flu virus involved. For example, a cell can contain eight swine flu and human influenza eight segments RNA. The total number of types of RNA in a cell is 16, four pigs and four RNA segments of human influenza could be incorporated into one of the particles, making eight viable RNA segmented influenza virus of the 16 types of segments available.

Various combinations of RNA segments can lead to a new subtype of virus (known as antigenic shift) may have the ability to infect humans, but preferably still show features the only swine influenza viruses. It is even possible to include RNA strands of the poultry, swine and human influenza virus into a virus, if a cell is infected with the three types of influenza (For example, two bird flu, three swine flu, and three RNA segments of human influenza to produce a viable new segment type eight influenza viral genome). The formation of a new type viral antigen is considered shift; small changes in an individual RNA segment of influenza viruses are called antigenic drift and lead to small changes in the virus. However, these can be accumulate over time to produce enough small changes that cumulatively change the makeup virus antigen over time (usually years).

Secondly, the pigs may play a unique role as an intermediate host to the new types of flu because the pig cells can be infected respiratory directly to birds, humans and other influenza viruses of mammals. Consequently, the respiratory pig cells are capable of being infected with many types of flu and may function as a pot "mixture" for influenza RNA segments. Avian influenza viruses that usually infect the gastrointestinal cells of many species of birds, this implies in the feces of birds. Pigs can pick up these viruses from the environment and appears to be the main form of the avian flu virus RNA segments into influenza virus population of mammals.

Swine flu emergency

Children should receive urgent medical attention if have rapid breathing or shortness of breath, have a bluish skin color or gray, not drinking enough fluids, not waking up or not interacting, Vomiting severe or persistent, they are so irritable that the child does not want to be held, if you have flu symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough and fever with a rash, or fever and then have a seizure or sudden change in behavior or mental. Adults should seek urgent medical attention if they have difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, pain or tightness in the chest or abdomen, sudden dizziness, confusion, severe or persistent vomiting or flu-like symptoms that improve but then return with fever or worsening cough.

Swine flu precautions

The swine flu or the H1N1 virus is a influenza A, which is usually reported in pigs and humans has rarely affected in the past. A few cases had been reported in people who had been some pigs, in recent years were of minor importance. However, in April 2009, swine flu began to affect thousands of people around the world few days after reporting in a Mexican village, so that led to the World Health Organization to declare a pandemic.

Avoid travel to affected countries and keep away from crowded places. The swine flu mask easy access can also protect against the virus. While there is no vaccines available that can protect against swine flu, certain precautions can ensure protection against this deadly disease.

High Groups Risk swine flu –

The swine flu high-risk groups, people who are believed to be at risk for serious infections that threaten life, are a slightly different and may include:

• pregnant women
• people with chronic medical problems such as chronic lung disease as asthma, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and immunosuppression
• obese children and adults

Already know that you are particularly at risk if you have:

• chronic (long term) of the lungs,
• chronic heart disease,
• Chronic kidney disease
• chronic liver disease,
• chronic neurological disease (neurological disorders include illness motor neurone, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease)
• immunosuppression (whether caused by disease or treatment) or
• diabetes mellitus.

Also at risk are:

• patients receiving drug treatment for asthma in the past three years,
• pregnant women
• people over 65, and
• young children under five years.
• It is vital that people in these high risk get swine flu antiviral and start taking as soon as possible.

The swine flu complications

One of the most common complications of any type of influenza is secondary bacterial infection in the chest, such as bronchitis (infection of the airways). This can worsen and develop into pneumonia. A course of antibiotics usually cure, but the infection is frequently fatal. Other complications rare include:

• tonsillitis,
• otitis media (an accumulation of fluid in the ear)
• septic shock (infection blood that causes a severe drop in blood pressure),
• meningitis (infection of the brain and spinal cord), and
• encephalitis (Brain inflammation).

Swine flu symptoms – Know what to avoid

As the H1N1 influenza spreads its wings in different parts of the world, is very important to be familiar with the swine flu symptoms so the disease can be detected at an early stage and measures prevention can be taken to control its growth.

If you or any of the people around you are suffering from a fever over 100.4 ° F and any other symptoms such as influenza H1N1, then you may have contracted the flu virus.

• The most common of all swine flu symptoms are high body temperature above 38 ° C/100.4 ° F.
• Swine influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease caused by viruses (influenza virus) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs and results in nasal secretions, cough-like, decreased appetite, and crying without apparent reason.
• Headache
• Loss of appetite
• Itchy throat
• Runny nose
• Fatigue end (fatigue)
• Muscle aches
• dyspnoea
• chills
• Loss of energy, vomiting
• Diarrhea
• myalgia
• influenza-like illness (fever, cough or sore throat)
• mild respiratory disease (congestion nose, runny nose) without fever and severe disease has also been reported occasionally
• Conjunctivitis
• Sudden and persistent cough

While these symptoms may be considered an indication of swine flu, the symptoms have also been reported in people suffering from other diseases. Therefore, despite having these symptoms, the patient or the doctor can not be sure until the swine flu test reports confirm it. The disease is especially dangerous for children, which can result in neurological disorders or disturbances in mood. It is still not clear why the situation occurs, but if left untreated, can be fatal.

As with any type of flu, the bad of the symptoms and duration vary depending on the treatment and individual circumstances. Most cases reported in the UK to date have been relatively mild, with affected people begin to recover within a week.

You can return to school or work when you are well and no longer infectious. Adults are most infectious soon after symptoms develop and remain infectious, while that their symptoms continue, usually up to five days. Usually return to work within seven days. In children, the symptoms persist for a maximum of seven days and can usually return to school within 10 days.

Diagnosis of swine influenza (H1N1)

Swine influenza is suspected clinically diagnosed the patient's history of association with people known to have the disease and its symptoms listed above. By Usually, a rapid test (eg, nasopharyngeal swabs) were performed to see if the patient is infected with influenza virus A or B. Most test can distinguish between types A and B. The test may be negative (no infection of the flu) or positive for type A and B. If the test is positive for type B, influenza not likely to swine influenza (H1N1). If positive for type A, the person may have a conventional flu, stress or swine influenza (H1N1). However, accuracy of these tests has been questioned, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not completed his comparative studies of these tests. However, a new test developed by the CDC and a commercial company can reliably detect supposedly H1N1 in about an hour from October 2009, the test is only available for the military.

Swine flu (H1N1) is definitively diagnosed through the identification of specific antigens associated with type viruses. In general, this test is performed in a specialized laboratory and it is not in the offices of several medical and hospital laboratories. However, doctors they are able to send samples to specialized laboratories, if necessary. Due to the large number of new cases of swine influenza H1N1 (from October 2009, the vast majority cases of influenza] [About 99% are due to new influenza virus H1N1), the CDC recommended only for patients hospitalized strains of flu virus will be sent to reference laboratories for identification.

Points to remember

Swine flu spreads through the secretion released an infected person when coughing or sneezing. People with symptoms of swine influenza can transmit the disease to others one day before to seven days after infection. The virus can also contaminate surfaces and infect a healthy person if she can touch your nose or mouth after touching the dirty surface.

Swine flu test

The swine flu or the H1N1 virus is a disease that has spread in a large number of countries around the world in a very short amount of time. It is the alarming rate at which the disease spreads that has worried experts who are trying to control its growth. swine flu symptoms are similar to the symptoms of seasonal flu, which makes it extremely difficult to distinguish between the two without carrying out tests prescribed flu swine in the laboratory set-up specifically for that purpose.

Measures to ensure protection against swine flu

Just follow the simple instructions here, at least you must reduce your risk of becoming ill with influenza virus. As in the case of seasonal influenza, precautions mentioned below may help protect against the virus H1N1:

• Avoid going near people with swine flu symptoms.
• Avoid going to places crowded.
• Cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief properly, while sneezing or coughing and remove the infected tissue out in a proper way, outside the scope of others.
• It is recommended to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. Although you can not prevent swine flu will not hurt.
• Maintain good hygiene and wash your hands regularly with soap and warm water. We recommend using a hand washing with alcohol. Using antibacterial soaps to clean their hands. Wash often, at least for 15 seconds and rinse under running water.
• Get enough sleep-Try to get 8 hours of good sleep each night to maintain immune system in the best way to combat influenza.
• Drink plenty of water-drink 8-10 glasses of water a day to remove toxins from your system and keep moisture and good production of mucus in the sinuses.
• Sick people should stay home to avoid spreading the illness to others.
• Always wear the mask swine influenza when traveling to crowded places.
• Disposing of dirty tissues promptly and carefully.
• Clean hard surfaces, such as doorknobs, thoroughly and frequently using a normal cleaning product.
• Take antiviral drugs with you.
• If you feel sick or show any symptoms of swine flu, consult your doctor immediately and get tested for the virus.
• Boost your immune system, maintain your body strong and nourished, and ready to fight infection is important in preventing the flu. So stick with whole grains, vegetables and fruit color rich in vitamins.
• Stay informed, "The government is necessary, taking measures to prevent the pandemic and regularly published guidelines for maintaining distance pandemic. Please be sure to keep up to date information and act in a calm way.
• Do not risk it. If you are experiencing Flu symptoms, like, just stay home. Because these symptoms reflect regular symptoms of colds and flu, prevention is better than cure.
• Find out how to cough and sneeze. Here's the deal - you cough or sneeze into the inside of your elbow on the arm. This is the only way to prevent the spread of germs on hands and everything that touches you.
• A hand sanitizer little goes a long, long way. Just have a tube of hand sanitizer at all times. This way you hands can be cleaned continuously.
• Beware of public places. Door handles and even pens are breeding grounds for germs. Avoid touching at all costs.
• Be careful on planes, trains and buses. The close of an airplane is a place where pathogens are as swine flu the lookout to protect themselves.
• Wash vegetables and fruits completely. Purchase of vegetables locally if possible. Wash with water and soak to increase efficiency.
• Go to your doctor. If you are experiencing any flu-like symptoms you should consult your doctor immediately. As mentioned above, only your health care professional can diagnose the particular strain of influenza.

Treatment of swine flu - Do not panic

Although the swine flu has spread at a rapid pace in India as well as in most other countries, we must remember that the swine flu is a disease curable and can be cured if treated properly. As is the case of seasonal flu, swine flu treatment includ-

• Adequate rest and care.
• Swine influenza A patient must not be involved in too much and fatigue
• If you take lots of fluids to stay hydrated.
• Alcohol is strictly prohibited and snuff in the swine flu patients and medicines such as paracetamol can be taken to relieve fever and muscle pain.
• In extreme cases, antiviral drugs and hospitalization may be required. The best way, however, to avoid any emergency situation is to contact your doctor immediately if you suspect of having bird flu. If you happen to travel to a region recently infected or have been around people infected with the virus, please contact your doctor and take all preventive measures to ensure their safety. Remember, early detection leads to proper treatment and could be administered mean the difference between life and death.
• Keep the patient in a separate room, away from other family members.
• All the world in the house must wash their hands regularly and wear a mask while going near the patient.
• The members of the house also should take antiviral drugs as Tamiflu, if the prescribing physician.
• Children should not receive medications such as aspirin for its tendency to cause neurological disorders.

Remember, prevention is better than cure

Although no swine flu vaccine is available in the market to ensure security disease, certain drugs that can cure the disease, are available. This virus is resistant to antiviral drugs amantadine (Symmetrel) and rimantadine (Flumadine). There are two drugs on the market that have proven effective against swine flu zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu). These drugs must be administered within 2 days after the onset of symptoms (lasting about a week), and is said to shorten the duration of symptoms about 2 days. Because early detection is vital to the effectiveness of these drugs, early detection is necessary. Many manufacturers are currently working on versions of a test of swine influenza rapid to allow early detection in a matter of minutes rather than days as with traditional virus testing.

To reproduce and spread, a virus has to enter your body, take over healthy cells and force them to make copies of itself. Relenza is stopped launching new copies of the virus from infected cells in the lungs. This slows the spread of the virus, reducing the symptoms and duration of time not feeling well and makes it harder for the virus to spread to others. Relenza must be taken within first 48 hours of symptoms in adults (36 hours in children). It works best the earlier you start taking it.

To reproduce and spread, a virus must enter your body, take over healthy cells and strength them to make copies of it. Tamiflu stops the flu virus to enter cells and blocks the release of new copies of the virus. This slows the spread across your body, reduce the symptoms and length of time that does not feel good and makes it harder for the virus to spread to others. Tamiflu must be taken within first 12-48 hours of symptoms appearing. Works best above start taking it.

Relenza reduces the duration of flu symptoms for a year and a half day on average. Tamiflu reduces the duration of symptoms for two days.

Swine Influenza Vaccine H1N1

The best way to prevent influenza H1N1 is the best way to prevent other infections from the flu itself, and that is vaccination. The CDC has many recommendations for vaccination on the basis that they must get the first doses of the vaccine is available (to protect the most susceptible populations) and according to age groups. The CDC recommendations based on data from vaccine trials and reports of infection acquired in recent months. The current (October 2009) programs vaccination of the CDC says the following groups should receive the vaccine as soon as it becomes available:

• pregnant women
• people who live with or care for children under 6 months old
• health care personnel and emergency medical services,
• people between 6 months and 24 years of age and

Persons ages 25 to 64 who are at increased risk due to chronic health disorders such as asthma, diabetes or a weakened immune system.

Currently, CDC is saying that people aged 10 and above is probably just needs a shot vaccine to protect against the new H1N1 swine influenza and further suggest that these vaccines will be effective in approximately 76% of people who receive the vaccine. New test data for the vaccine showed that healthy adults produces protective antibodies in about 98% of people in 21 days. Unfortunately, the vaccine vaccine children 6 months to 9 years of age is not as effective as it is in older children and adults. Consequently, the CDC currently recommends that for ages 6 months up to and including 9 years of age, children receive two shots of the novel H1N1 vaccine, the second shot 21 days after the first.

Pregnant women strongly recommended to get vaccinated as aforesaid. Although some vaccine preparations (multi-dose vials) contain low levels of preservative thimerosal (a preservative containing mercury), the CDC still considers the vaccine safe for the fetus and mother. However, some vaccine preparations that are in single dose vials of preservative will not thimerosal, so that pregnant people are concerned about thimerosal can get this preparation of the vaccine when available.

Other vaccine (now known as influenza A [H1N1] 2009 monovalent vaccine live intranasal) has made available the first week of October 2009. It is a novel live attenuated vaccine H1N1 flu that does not contain thimerosal, is produced by MedImmune, LLC, and is sprayed into the nostrils. This vaccine is only for healthy people 2-49 years of age, and some data suggest it is less effective in generating an immune response in adults that the injection of the vaccine. The dosing schedule is as follows:

• Children 2-9 years of age should receive two doses (0.1 ml in each nostril, is equal to total of 0.2 ml per dose) – the second dose should be given the same for a month after the first dose
• Children, adolescents and adults, 10-49 years of age should receive one dose – (0.1 ml in each nostril, is equal to total of 0.2 ml per dose)

The following is a list of CDC-approved H1N1 vaccines and the companies that manufacture name and as of 10/29/09:

• Influenza A (H1N1) 2009, CSL Limited monovalent
• Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 by Novartis monovalent
• Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 by Sanofi Pasteur monovalent
• Influenza A (H1N1) monovalent 2009 Live, Intranasal by MedImmune, LLC

The vaccination program is recommended the following in the UK:

Pandemrix:

• For all children aged six months to nine years – two half dose (0.25 ml each) given with a minimum of three weeks between doses.
• For people aged 10-59 – one dose (0.5 ml) given.
• For people over age 60 and more: – one dose given (this advice will be reviewed when more data become available.)
• For persons 10 years and older with weakened immune systems: – Two doses (0.5 ml each) given with a minimum of three weeks between doses.

CELVAPAN:

• For children aged between six months and adults – two doses (0.5 ml each) given with a minimum of three weeks between doses.
• This dosing schedule is based on the advice of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, after examining the available clinical data on vaccines. The dose and recommendations will be reviewed as more clinical data.

Recommendations for public health personnel

For interviews of healthy individuals (ie without current respiratory disease), including close contacts of confirmed cases of virus infection swine influenza, without personal protective equipment or antiviral prophylaxis is necessary. See section on antiviral chemoprophylaxis for further guidance. For interviews of a patient, suspected or confirmed case of swine flu virus, it is recommended that:

• Keep a distance of at least 6 feet of the sick person or
• Personal protective equipment: [N95 respirator fit-testing is not available, use a doctor (surgical mask)].

To collect respiratory samples of a confirmed or suspected disease of swine influenza virus in a case, the following is recommended:

• Personal protective equipment: [Free N95 disposable respirator fit-testing is not available, use a doctor (surgical mask)], disposable gloves, gowns and goggles.
• When completed, place all PPE in biohazard bag for proper disposal.
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water or gel alcohol-based hand.

Recommended infection control for a hospitalized patient (ER, clinic or home visit):

Separation the other in a single room if available until asymptomatic. If the sick person needs to move to another part of the house, should wear a mask. The sick person should be encouraged to wash their hands frequently and follow the practice of respiratory hygiene. The cups and other utensils used by the ill person should be washed with soap and water before use by others.

When the setting full or close contact with other people can not be avoided, the use of masks or respirators in areas where transmission of swine influenza A (H1N1) has been confirmed should be considered:

• Whenever possible, rather than relying in the use of masks or respirators, close contact with persons who might be sick and be crowded places should be avoided.
• Masks should be considered for use by individuals who enter crowded settings, both to protect your nose and mouth of other people's coughs and to reduce the likelihood of users' of coughing on others, the time spent in crowded settings should be as short as possible.
• Respirators should be considered for use by people for that close contact with an infected person is inevitable. This can include selected individuals who must care for a sick person (eg family member with an infection breathing) at home.

The types of masks and respirators

Unless otherwise specified, the term "mask" refers to disposable masks approved by the Food and Drug Administration U.S. (FDA) for use as medical devices. This includes labeled as surgical masks, dental, medical procedure, isolation, or laser masks.

Such masks of various designs

• One type is affixed to the head with two ties, conforms to the face with the help of a flexible adjustment to the bridge of the nose, and may be flat / pleated or duck-billed in shape.
• Another type of mask is pre-molded, adheres to the head with a rubber band is single and has a flexible adjustment to the bridge of the nose.
• A third type is flat / pleated and affixes in the head with ear loops. Mask approved by the FDA for use as medical devices has been determined to have specific levels of protection against penetration blood and body fluids.
• Unless otherwise specified, "respirator" refers to an N95 or higher respirator filtering facepiece respirators certified by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

Take note of what you've learned here about swine influenza. Take care and protect yourself as best you can.

References

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About the Author

Kamal Singh Rathore, Reader, Bhupal Nobles’ Girls’ College of Pharmacy, Udaipur-Raj.313002 INDIA
Email: kamalsrathore@yahoo.com
kamalsrathore@gmail.com
Mobile: +919828325713

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